2023

Zhou, Bin; Sheffer, Kate E.; Bennett, James E.; Gregg, Edward W.; Danaei, Goodarz; Singleton, Rosie K.; Shaw, Jonathan E.; Mishra, Anu; Lhoste, Victor P. F.; Carrillo-Larco, Rodrigo M.; Kengne, Andre P.; Phelps, Nowell H.; Heap, Rachel A.; Rayner, Archie W.; Stevens, Gretchen A.; Paciorek, Chris J.; Riley, Leanne M.; Cowan, Melanie J.; Savin, Stefan; Vander Hoorn, Stephen; Lu, Yuan; Pavkov, Meda E.; Imperatore, Giuseppina; Aguilar-Salinas, Carlos A.; Ahmad, Noor Ani; Anjana, Ranjit Mohan; Davletov, Kairat; Farzadfar, Farshad; González-Villalpando, Clicerio; Khang, Young-Ho; Kim, Hyeon Chang; Laatikainen, Tiina; Laxmaiah, Avula; Mbanya, Jean Claude N.; Narayan, K. M. Venkat; Ramachandran, Ambady; Wade, Alisha N.; Zdrojewski, Tomasz; Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen; Rahim, Hanan F. Abdul; Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M.; Adambekov, Shalkar; Adams, Robert J.; Aekplakorn, Wichai; Agdeppa, Imelda A.; Aghazadeh-Attari, Javad; Agyemang, Charles; Ahmadi, Ali; Ahmadi, Naser; Ahmadi, Nastaran; Ahmed, Soheir H.; Ajlouni, Kamel; Al-Hinai, Halima; Al-Lahou, Badreya; Al-Lawati, Jawad A.; Asfoor, Deena Al; Al Qaoud, Nawal M.; Alarouj, Monira; AlBuhairan, Fadia; AlDhukair, Shahla; Aldwairji, Maryam A.; Ali, Mohamed M.; Alinezhad, Farbod; Alkandari, Abdullah; Alomirah, Husam F.; Aly, Eman; Amarapurkar, Deepak N.; Andersen, Lars Bo; Anderssen, Sigmund A.; Andrade, Dolores S.; Ansari-Moghaddam, Alireza; Aounallah-Skhiri, Hajer; Aris, Tahir; Arlappa, Nimmathota; Aryal, Krishna K.; Assah, Felix K.; Assembekov, Batyrbek; Auvinen, Juha; Avdičová, Mária; Azad, Kishwar; Azimi-Nezhad, Mohsen; Azizi, Fereidoun; Bacopoulou, Flora; Balakrishna, Nagalla; Bamoshmoosh, Mohamed; Banach, Maciej; Bandosz, Piotr; Banegas, José R.; Barbagallo, Carlo M.; Barceló, Alberto; Baretić, Maja; Barrera, Lena; Basit, Abdul; Batieha, Anwar M.; Batista, Aline P.; Baur, Louise A.; Belavendra, Antonisamy; Ben Romdhane, Habiba; Benet, Mikhail; Berkinbayev, Salim; Bernabe-Ortiz, Antonio; Berrios Carrasola, Ximena; Bettiol, Heloísa; Beybey, Augustin F.; Bhargava, Santosh K.; Bika Lele, Elysée Claude; Bikbov, Mukharram M.; Bista, Bihungum; Bjerregaard, Peter; Bjertness, Espen; Bjertness, Marius B.; Björkelund, Cecilia; Bloch, Katia V.; Blokstra, Anneke; Bo, Simona; Bobak, Martin; Boggia, Jose G.; Bonaccio, Marialaura; Bonilla-Vargas, Alice; Borghs, Herman; Bovet, Pascal; Brajkovich, Imperia; Brenner, Hermann; Brewster, Lizzy M.; Brian, Garry R.; Briceño, Yajaira; Brito, Miguel; Bugge, Anna; Buntinx, Frank; Cabrera de León, Antonio; Caixeta, Roberta B.; Can, Günay; Cândido, Ana Paula C.; Capanzana, Mario V.; Čapková, Naděžda; Capuano, Eduardo; Capuano, Rocco; Capuano, Vincenzo; Cardoso, Viviane C.; Carlsson, Axel C.; Casanueva, Felipe F.; Censi, Laura; Cervantes‐Loaiza, Marvin; Chamnan, Parinya; Chamukuttan, Snehalatha; Chan, Queenie; Charchar, Fadi J.; Chaturvedi, Nish; Chen, Huashuai; Cheraghian, Bahman; Chirlaque, María-Dolores; Chudek, Jerzy; Cifkova, Renata; Cirillo, Massimo; Claessens, Frank; Cohen, Emmanuel; Concin, Hans; Cooper, Cyrus; Costanzo, Simona; Cowell, Chris; Crujeiras, Ana B.; Cruz, Juan J.; Cureau, Felipe V.; Cuschieri, Sarah; D’Arrigo, Graziella; d’Orsi, Eleonora; Dallongeville, Jean; Damasceno, Albertino; Dastgiri, Saeed; De Curtis, Amalia; de Gaetano, Giovanni; De Henauw, Stefaan; Deepa, Mohan; DeGennaro, Vincent; Demarest, Stefaan; Dennison, Elaine; Deschamps, Valérie; Dhimal, Meghnath; Dika, Zivka; Djalalinia, Shirin; Donfrancesco, Chiara; Dong, Guanghui; Dorobantu, Maria; Dörr, Marcus; Dragano, Nico; Drygas, Wojciech; Du, Yong; Duante, Charmaine A.; Duboz, Priscilla; Dushpanova, Anar; Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk, Elzbieta; Ebrahimi, Narges; Eddie, Ricky; Eftekhar, Ebrahim; Efthymiou, Vasiliki; Egbagbe, Eruke E.; Eghtesad, Sareh; El-Khateeb, Mohammad; El Ati, Jalila; Eldemire-Shearer, Denise; Elosua, Roberto; Enang, Ofem; Erasmus, Rajiv T.; Erbel, Raimund; Erem, Cihangir; Ergor, Gul; Eriksen, Louise; Eriksson, Johan G.; Esmaeili, Ali; Evans, Roger G.; Fakhradiyev, Ildar; Fall, Caroline H.; Faramarzi, Elnaz; Farjam, Mojtaba; Farzi, Yosef; Fattahi, Mohammad Reza; Fawwad, Asher; Felix-Redondo, Francisco J.; Ferguson, Trevor S.; Fernández-Bergés, Daniel; Ferrari, Marika; Ferreccio, Catterina; Ferreira, Haroldo S.; Ferrer, Eldridge; Feskens, Edith J. M.; Flood, David; Forsner, Maria; Fosse, Sandrine; Fottrell, Edward F.; Fouad, Heba M.; Francis, Damian K.; Frontera, Guillermo; Furusawa, Takuro; Gaciong, Zbigniew; Garnett, Sarah P.; Gasull, Magda; Gazzinelli, Andrea; Gehring, Ulrike; Ghaderi, Ebrahim; Ghamari, Seyyed-Hadi; Ghanbari, Ali; Ghasemi, Erfan; Gheorghe-Fronea, Oana-Florentina; Ghimire, Anup; Gialluisi, Alessandro; Giampaoli, Simona; Gianfagna, Francesco; Gill, Tiffany K.; Gironella, Glen; Giwercman, Aleksander; Goltzman, David; Gomula, Aleksandra; Gonçalves, Helen; Gonçalves, Mauer; Gonzalez-Chica, David A.; Gonzalez-Gross, Marcela; González-Rivas, Juan P.; González-Villalpando, María-Elena; Gonzalez, Angel R.; Gottrand, Frederic; Grafnetter, Dušan; Grodzicki, Tomasz; Grøntved, Anders; Guerrero, Ramiro; Gujral, Unjali P.; Gupta, Rajeev; Gutierrez, Laura; Gwee, Xinyi; Haghshenas, Rosa; Hakimi, Hamid; Hambleton, Ian R.; Hamzeh, Behrooz; Hanekom, Willem A.; Hange, Dominique; Hantunen, Sari; Hao, Jie; Hari Kumar, Rachakulla; Harooni, Javad; Hashemi-Shahri, Seyed Mohammad; Hata, Jun; Heidemann, Christin; Henrique, Rafael dos Santos; Herrala, Sauli; Herzig, Karl-Heinz; Heshmat, Ramin; Ho, Sai Yin; Holdsworth, Michelle; Homayounfar, Reza; Hopman, Wilma M.; Horimoto, Andrea R. V. R.; Hormiga, Claudia; Horta, Bernardo L.; Houti, Leila; Howitt, Christina; Htay, Thein Thein; Htet, Aung Soe; Htike, Maung Maung Than; Huerta, José María; Huhtaniemi, Ilpo Tapani; Huisman, Martijn; Husseini, Abdullatif; Huybrechts, Inge; Iacoviello, Licia; Iakupova, Ellina M.; Iannone, Anna G.; Ibrahim Wong, Norazizah; Ijoma, Chinwuba; Irazola, Vilma E.; Ishida, Takafumi; Isiguzo, Godsent C.; Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful; Islek, Duygu; Ittermann, Till; Iwasaki, Masanori; Jääskeläinen, Tuija; Jacobs, Jeremy M.; Jaddou, Hashem Y.; Jadoul, Michel; Jallow, Bakary; James, Kenneth; Jamil, Kazi M.; Janus, Edward; Jarvelin, Marjo-Riitta; Jasienska, Grazyna; Jelaković, Ana; Jelaković, Bojan; Jennings, Garry; Jha, Anjani Kumar; Jimenez, Ramon O.; Jöckel, Karl-Heinz; Jokelainen, Jari J.; Jonas, Jost B.; Joshi, Pradeep; Josipović, Josipa; Joukar, Farahnaz; Jóźwiak, Jacek; Kafatos, Anthony; Kajantie, Eero O.; Kalmatayeva, Zhanna; Karki, Khem B.; Katibeh, Marzieh; Kauhanen, Jussi; Kazakbaeva, Gyulli M.; Kaze, François F.; Ke, Calvin; Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi, Sirkka; Kelishadi, Roya; Keramati, Maryam; Kersting, Mathilde; Khader, Yousef Saleh; Khaledifar, Arsalan; Khalili, Davood; Kheiri, Bahareh; Kheradmand, Motahareh; Khosravi, Alireza; Kiechl-Kohlendorfer, Ursula; Kiechl, Sophia J.; Kiechl, Stefan; Kingston, Andrew; Klakk, Heidi; Klanova, Jana; Knoflach, Michael; Kolsteren, Patrick; König, Jürgen; Korpelainen, Raija; Korrovits, Paul; Kos, Jelena; Koskinen, Seppo; Kowlessur, Sudhir; Koziel, Slawomir; Kriemler, Susi; Kristensen, Peter Lund; Kromhout, Daan; Kubinova, Ruzena; Kujala, Urho M.; Kulimbet, Mukhtar; Kurjata, Pawel; Kyobutungi, Catherine; La, Quang Ngoc; Labadarios, Demetre; Lachat, Carl; Laid, Youcef; Lall, Lachmie; Lankila, Tiina; Lanska, Vera; Lappas, Georg; Larijani, Bagher; Latt, Tint Swe; Laurenzi, Martino; Lehmann, Nils; Lehtimäki, Terho; Lemogoum, Daniel; Leung, Gabriel M.; Li, Yanping; Lima-Costa, M. Fernanda; Lin, Hsien-Ho; Lind, Lars; Lissner, Lauren; Liu, Xiaotian; Lopez-Garcia, Esther; Lopez, Tania; Lozano, José Eugenio; Luksiene, Dalia; Lundqvist, Annamari; Lunet, Nuno; Lustigová, Michala; Machado-Coelho, George L. L.; Machado-Rodrigues, Aristides M.; Macia, Enguerran; Macieira, Luisa M.; Madar, Ahmed A.; Maestre, Gladys E.; Maggi, Stefania; Magliano, Dianna J.; Magriplis, Emmanuella; Mahasampath, Gowri; Maire, Bernard; Makdisse, Marcia; Malekpour, Mohammad-Reza; Malekzadeh, Fatemeh; Malekzadeh, Reza; Mallikharjuna Rao, Kodavanti; Malyutina, Sofia; Maniego, Lynell V.; Manios, Yannis; Mannix, Masimango Imani; Mansour-Ghanaei, Fariborz; Manzato, Enzo; Margozzini, Paula; Mariño, Joany; Marques, Larissa Pruner; Martorell, Reynaldo; Mascarenhas, Luis P.; Masinaei, Masoud; Mathiesen, Ellisiv B.; Matsha, Tandi E.; Mc Donald Posso, Anselmo J.; McFarlane, Shelly R.; McGarvey, Stephen T.; Mediene Benchekor, Sounnia; Mehlig, Kirsten; Mehrparvar, Amir Houshang; Melgarejo, Jesus D.; Méndez, Fabián; Menezes, Ana Maria B.; Mereke, Alibek; Meshram, Indrapal I.; Meto, Diane T.; Minderico, Cláudia S.; Mini, G. K.; Miquel, Juan Francisco; Miranda, J. Jaime; Mirjalili, Mohammad Reza; Modesti, Pietro A.; Moghaddam, Sahar Saeedi; Mohamed, Mostafa K.; Mohammad, Kazem; Mohammadi, Mohammad Reza; Mohammadi, Zahra; Mohammadifard, Noushin; Mohammadpourhodki, Reza; Mohan, Viswanathan; Mohd Yusoff, Muhammad Fadhli; Mohebbi, Iraj; Møller, Niels C.; Molnár, Dénes; Momenan, Amirabbas; Mondo, Charles K.; Montenegro Mendoza, Roger A.; Monterrubio-Flores, Eric; Moosazadeh, Mahmood; Moradpour, Farhad; Morejon, Alain; Moreno, Luis A.; Morgan, Karen; Morin, Suzanne N.; Moslem, Alireza; Mosquera, Mildrey; Mossakowska, Malgorzata; Mostafa, Aya; Mostafavi, Seyed-Ali; Motlagh, Mohammad Esmaeel; Motta, Jorge; Msyamboza, Kelias P.; Mu, Thet Thet; Muiesan, Maria L.; Mursu, Jaakko; Musa, Kamarul Imran; Mustafa, Norlaila; Muyer, Muel Telo M. C.; Nabipour, Iraj; Nagel, Gabriele; Naidu, Balkish M.; Najafi, Farid; Námešná, Jana; Nangia, Vinay B.; Naseri, Take; Neelapaichit, Nareemarn; Nejatizadeh, Azim; Nenko, Ilona; Nervi, Flavio; Ng, Tze Pin; Nguyen, Chung T.; Nguyen, Quang Ngoc; Ni, Michael Y.; Nie, Peng; Nieto-Martínez, Ramfis E.; Ninomiya, Toshiharu; Noale, Marianna; Noboa, Oscar A.; Noto, Davide; Nsour, Mohannad Al; Nuhoğlu, Irfan; O’Neill, Terence W.; Odili, Augustine N.; Oh, Kyungwon; Ohtsuka, Ryutaro; Omar, Mohd Azahadi; Onat, Altan; Ong, Sok King; Onodugo, Obinna; Ordunez, Pedro; Ornelas, Rui; Ortiz, Pedro J.; Osmond, Clive; Ostovar, Afshin; Otero, Johanna A.; Ottendahl, Charlotte B.; Otu, Akaninyene; Owusu-Dabo, Ellis; Palmieri, Luigi; Pan, Wen-Harn; Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra; Panza, Francesco; Paoli, Mariela; Park, Suyeon; Parsaeian, Mahboubeh; Patel, Nikhil D.; Pechlaner, Raimund; Pećin, Ivan; Pedro, João M.; Peixoto, Sergio Viana; Peltonen, Markku; Pereira, Alexandre C.; Pessôa dos Prazeres, Thaliane Mayara; Peykari, Niloofar; Phall, Modou Cheyassin; Pham, Son Thai; Phan, Hiep Hoang; Pichardo, Rafael N.; Pikhart, Hynek; Pilav, Aida; Piler, Pavel; Pitakaka, Freda; Piwonska, Aleksandra; Pizarro, Andreia N.; Plans-Rubió, Pedro; Plata, Silvia; Porta, Miquel; Poudyal, Anil; Pourfarzi, Farhad; Pourshams, Akram; Poustchi, Hossein; Pradeepa, Rajendra; Providencia, Rui; Puder, Jardena J.; Puhakka, Solie; Punab, Margus; Qorbani, Mostafa; Quintana, Hedley K.; Quoc Bao, Tran; Rahimikazerooni, Salar; Raitakari, Olli; Ramirez-Zea, Manuel; Ramke, Jacqueline; Ramos, Rafel; Rampal, Lekhraj; Rampal, Sanjay; Rangel Reina, Daniel A.; Rashidi, Mohammad-Mahdi; Redon, Josep; Renner, Jane D. P.; Reuter, Cézane P.; Revilla, Luis; Rezaei, Negar; Rezaianzadeh, Abbas; Rigo, Fernando; Roa, Reina G.; Robinson, Louise; Rodríguez-Artalejo, Fernando; Rodriguez-Perez, María del Cristo; Rodríguez-Villamizar, Laura A.; Rodríguez, Andrea Y.; Roggenbuck, Ulla; Rohloff, Peter; Romeo, Elisabetta L.; Rosengren, Annika; Rubinstein, Adolfo; Rust, Petra; Rutkowski, Marcin; Sabbaghi, Hamideh; Sachdev, Harshpal S.; Sadjadi, Alireza; Safarpour, Ali Reza; Safi, Sare; Safiri, Saeid; Saghi, Mohammad Hossien; Saidi, Olfa; Saki, Nader; Šalaj, Sanja; Salanave, Benoit; Salonen, Jukka T.; Salvetti, Massimo; Sánchez-Abanto, Jose; Santos, Diana A.; Santos, Lèlita C.; Santos, Maria Paula; Santos, Tamara R.; Saramies, Jouko L.; Sardinha, Luis B.; Sarrafzadegan, Nizal; Saum, Kai-Uwe; Sbaraini, Mariana; Scazufca, Marcia; Schaan, Beatriz D.; Scheidt-Nave, Christa; Schipf, Sabine; Schmidt, Carsten O.; Schöttker, Ben; Schramm, Sara; Sebert, Sylvain; Sedaghattalab, Moslem; Sein, Aye Aye; Sepanlou, Sadaf G.; Sewpaul, Ronel; Shamah-Levy, Teresa; Shamshirgaran, Seyed Morteza; Sharafkhah, Maryam; Sharma, Sanjib K.; Sharman, Almaz; Shayanrad, Amaneh; Shayesteh, Ali Akbar; Shimizu-Furusawa, Hana; Shiri, Rahman; Shrestha, Namuna; Si-Ramlee, Khairil; Silva, Diego Augusto Santos; Simon, Mary; Simons, Judith; Simons, Leon A.; Sjöström, Michael; Slowikowska-Hilczer, Jolanta; Slusarczyk, Przemysław; Smeeth, Liam; Sobngwi, Eugène; Söderberg, Stefan; Soemantri, Agustinus; Sofat, Reecha; Solfrizzi, Vincenzo; Somi, Mohammad Hossein; Soumaré, Aïcha; Sousa-Poza, Alfonso; Sparrenberger, Karen; Staessen, Jan A.; Stavreski, Bill; Steene-Johannessen, Jostein; Stehle, Peter; Stein, Aryeh D.; Stessman, Jochanan; Stokwiszewski, Jakub; Stronks, Karien; Suarez-Ortegón, Milton F.; Suebsamran, Phalakorn; Sundström, Johan; Suriyawongpaisal, Paibul; Sylva, René Charles; Szklo, Moyses; Tamosiunas, Abdonas; Tarawneh, Mohammed Rasoul; Tarqui-Mamani, Carolina B.; Taylor, Anne; Taylor, Julie; Tello, Tania; Thankappan, K. R.; Theobald, Holger; Theodoridis, Xenophon; Thomas, Nihal; Thrift, Amanda G.; Timmermans, Erik J.; Tjandrarini, Dwi Hapsari; Tolonen, Hanna K.; Tolstrup, Janne S.; Tomaszewski, Maciej; Topbas, Murat; Torres-Collado, Laura; Traissac, Pierre; Triantafyllou, Areti; Tuitele, John; Tuliakova, Azaliia M.; Tulloch-Reid, Marshall K.; Tuomainen, Tomi-Pekka; Tzala, Evangelia; Tzourio, Christophe; Ueda, Peter; Ugel, Eunice; Ukoli, Flora A. M.; Ulmer, Hanno; Uusitalo, Hannu M. T.; Valdivia, Gonzalo; van den Born, Bert-Jan; Van der Heyden, Johan; Van Minh, Hoang; van Rossem, Lenie; Van Schoor, Natasja M.; van Valkengoed, Irene G. M.; van Zutphen, Elisabeth M.; Vanderschueren, Dirk; Vanuzzo, Diego; Vasan, Senthil K.; Vega, Tomas; Velasquez-Melendez, Gustavo; Verstraeten, Roosmarijn; Viet, Lucie; Villalpando, Salvador; Vioque, Jesus; Virtanen, Jyrki K.; Viswanathan, Bharathi; Voutilainen, Ari; Wan Bebakar, Wan Mohamad; Wan Mohamud, Wan Nazaimoon; Wang, Chongjian; Wang, Ningli; Wang, Qian; Wang, Ya Xing; Wang, Ying-Wei; Wannamethee, S. Goya; Webster-Kerr, Karen; Wedderkopp, Niels; Wei, Wenbin; Westbury, Leo D.; Whincup, Peter H.; Widhalm, Kurt; Widyahening, Indah S.; Więcek, Andrzej; Wilks, Rainford J.; Willeit, Johann; Willeit, Peter; Wilsgaard, Tom; Wojtyniak, Bogdan; Wong, Andrew; Wong, Emily B.; Woodward, Mark; Wu, Frederick C.; Xu, Haiquan; Xu, Liang; Yaacob, Nor Azwany; Yan, Li; Yan, Weili; Yoosefi, Moein; Yoshihara, Akihiro; Younger-Coleman, Novie O.; Yu, Yu-Ling; Yu, Yunjiang; Yusoff, Ahmad Faudzi; Zainuddin, Ahmad A.; Zamani, Farhad; Zambon, Sabina; Zampelas, Antonis; Zaw, Ko Ko; Zeljkovic Vrkic, Tajana; Zeng, Yi; Zhang, Zhen-Yu; Zholdin, Bekbolat; Zimmet, Paul; Zitt, Emanuel; Zoghlami, Nada; Zuñiga Cisneros, Julio; Ezzati, Majid

Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) are both used to diagnose diabetes, but these measurements can identify different people as having diabetes. We used data from 117 population-based studies and quantified, in different world regions, the prevalence of diagnosed diabetes, and whether those who were previously undiagnosed and detected as having diabetes in survey screening, had elevated FPG, HbA1c or both. We developed prediction equations for estimating the probability that a person without previously diagnosed diabetes, and at a specific level of FPG, had elevated HbA1c, and vice versa. The age-standardized proportion of diabetes that was previously undiagnosed and detected in survey screening ranged from 30% in the high-income western region to 66% in south Asia. Among those with screen-detected diabetes with either test, the age-standardized proportion who had elevated levels of both FPG and HbA1c was 29–39% across regions; the remainder had discordant elevation of FPG or HbA1c. In most low- and middle-income regions, isolated elevated HbA1c was more common than isolated elevated FPG. In these regions, the use of FPG alone may delay diabetes diagnosis and underestimate diabetes prevalence. Our prediction equations help allocate finite resources for measuring HbA1c to reduce the global shortfall in diabetes diagnosis and surveillance.