High penetration of renewable energy resources with a stochastic and intermittent nature has increased the need for flexibility in power networks. Out of the novel and pragmatic solutions for flexibility provision in power systems, Power-to-X-to-Power (P2X2P) conversion technologies have attracted a lot of attention in recent years. P2X2P is a set of infrastructures that provides linkage and synergies among three main energy networks, i.e., power, heat, and gas. In this regard, P2X2P systems require techno-economic interactions with three power, gas, and heat sectors. Nonetheless, these kinds of interactions add new challenges to the optimal operation of coupled energy systems. The reason is that, in European Union, markets of the considered energy networks are operated separately, sequentially, and hence independently. As a result, to implement sector-coupling in energy systems and compensate for the lack of a suitable coordination platform, proposing an appropriate market-based framework is highly vital. Over the past few years, co-optimization models in a full coordination platform have been suggested for sector-coupling in energy systems. However, providing such a mechanism based on the current markets' regulations, clearing sequences, and privacy matters is not practical. This issue motivates us to suggest one market-based coordination manner among the three mentioned sectors that respects the present situation and setups of markets. To this end, a new hierarchical coordination approach is proposed in which interdependencies between energy networks are handled by modeling the bi-directional interaction of each market with other sectors' markets in its clearing procedure. In the raised coordination scheme, market-clearing processes are implemented based on the Stackelberg game-based method.

2021

2022