The guided emergence of the idea of this project resides in an upcoming intimidation to power system’s frequency stability. As power system stability has a direct relationship with the balance between demand and supply, thus in order to increase system security, it is essential to maintain system inertia, which originates from the rotational masses in the power system especially the conventional power generators. In case of any fault or contingency, inertia in the system helps in maintaining the system frequency. Lower inertia means larger frequency drop and less system security. Solar and wind power systems are inertia less resources and thus creating inertia deficit with concurrently decreasing the system security. Increasing penetration of renewable energy resources (solar and wind) in the generation mix is creating potential risk and stress on power system frequency control and stability. The intermittent nature of solar power, which is mainly because of trailing partial clouds, constitutes the emergence of short-term frequency fluctuations at the grid. Thus, the uncontrollable and inevitable increasing generation from renewables has reduced the frequency response time for the conventional synchronous generators and increased rate of change of frequency in case of any frequency disturbance event. The use of kinetic energy in the blades of turbine and battery combination with PV generators can help paved a mere way not to control but to support the frequency control. The idea of this project is to explore the natural smoothing effect of solar power on a large scale and analyzing its impact on the primary and secondary grid frequency control in order to generate an ensemble to administer the frequency instability events. The aim of this research is to evaluate the frequency response and power smoothing of Nordic power system for different penetration levels of PV plants in the generation at different time resolutions with concurrently focusing on the required modifications in the primary, secondary and tertiary frequency control. The first phase and second phase of research have been accomplished, which involves high-resolution irradiance data collection, fabrication and processing for smoothing studies and later for frequency stability analysis. A detailed analysis and quantification of solar power variability, stochasticity and its consequent smoothing has been quantified w.r.t to geographical dispersion of PV panels, PV plant ensemble size, inter plant radial distances, temporal resolutions, orientations, azimuthal angles and tilt angles. One conference publications has been made on ‘Statistical Impact Evaluation of Stochastic Parameters Enhancing Solar Power Inherent Smoothing’ whereas another research paper ‘Cloud projection algorithm for realization of shading events around central measuring station to estimate solar power spatial and temporal smoothing’ has been written to publish. Computation of building’s rooftop smoothing potential in different areas of Finland utilizing image processing techniques and GIS (global information system) tools are also studied and published as a conference paper in CIRED 2019 conference. An economically optimal solution for large-scale PV production smoothing in market would be of interest in this research which would consider options e.g. operating PV outside MPP (maximum power point), selecting different orientations, battery size, production curtailment and so on. The last phase of the research includes smoothing flow analysis at different nodes in the power system’s distribution network to all the way at national grid level by simulating PSCAD/RSCAD and MATLAB models. System frequency response modelling with the incorporation of under and over frequency load shedding schemes, proposing an algorithm for positive and negative frequency reserves, fast frequency response analysis of primary, secondary and tertiary control for different shares of PV power are an integral constituent

2020